King John, Henry III and England’s Lost Civil War

This sweeping history of thirteenth century England examines how the successive reigns of two very different kings established the English way of life. In 1204, the great Angevin Empire was fragmenting under King John's rule. Unable to withstand France's invasion of Normandy, John also faced difficult relations with the papacy, and rising dissent among his barons. By the time John died in 1216, the failed Magna Carta gave way to civil conflict, and more than half of the country had fallen to the dauphin of France. These troubles were then passed, along with the crown, to John's nine-year-old son, Henry III. Even with a regency government commanding the ship of state, Henry faced a dire threat to his royal authority. But the First Baron's War came to an end as Henry aligned himself with the pope and offered a revised Magna Carta. While this may have ensured short-term survival, living up to the promises of this foundational contract would create a more significant challenge—and lay the groundwork for the Second Baron's War.